Additionally, many reports have taken on a trial-and-error approach, ignoring well established literature on grain growth outside the battery field. Many different approaches to single-crystal synthesis have been explored, but there has been no systematic analysis of the different techniques to date. Single-crystal cathode particles with low susceptibility to cracking have recently taken on intense interest due to their remarkable cyclability. Furthermore, the high states of charge associated with increased capacity lead to cracking of the polycrystalline cathode particles, which exposes fresh surfaces and accelerates capacity fade. Increasing the nickel content in the layered-oxide cathodes has been a dominant strategy to increase energy density, but this has exacerbated the surface reactivity concerns. As the demand for lithium-ion batteries grows exponentially to feed the nascent electric-vehicle and grid-storage markets, the need for higher energy density and longer cycle life becomes more apparent.
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